Introduction
In the heart of Awadh (present-day Uttar Pradesh), the Nawabi era of the 18th and 19th centuries left behind a remarkable legacy of kothis (large aristocratic mansions) and havelis (traditional courtyard residences). These grand structures were built by Nawabs, nobles, zamindars, and wealthy merchants, serving both as residences and centers of cultural activity. They reflect a unique blend of Mughal, Persian, and European architectural influences, often adorned with stucco work, sprawling courtyards, arched gateways, and ornamental gardens. Many of them were associated with the political intrigues, cultural refinements, and leisurely lifestyles of Awadh, particularly in Lucknow, the region’s cultural capital.
Today, while some survive as heritage buildings or government offices, many others have faded into obscurity, their faded facades standing as silent reminders of the Nawabi grandeur.
List of Prominent Kothis / Havelis of Awadh
1. Chhatar Manzil (Umbrella Palace), Lucknow
Once the residence of Nawabs and later of Begums of Awadh, this palace-like kothi is known for its distinctive umbrella-shaped domes. It was also a significant site during the Revolt of 1857.
2. Kothi Roshan-ud-Daula, Lucknow
Built by Roshan-ud-Daula, this kothi was among the luxurious aristocratic houses of Lucknow, embodying the Nawabi penchant for European-influenced architecture.
3. Kothi Farhat Baksh, Lucknow
Constructed by Nawab Saadat Ali Khan, it later became the residence of the British Resident. Its name means “giver of delight,” reflecting its location on the banks of the Gomti River with scenic views.
4. Kothi Darshan Vilas, Lucknow
This kothi was designed in European style and was used as a royal residence. The name suggests its use as a pleasure pavilion with wide vistas.
5. Kothi Dilkusha, Lucknow
Dilkusha Kothi was a hunting lodge and summer retreat built in the English baroque style. Though now largely in ruins, it remains a popular heritage spot for its gardens and imposing façade.
6. Kothi Gulistan-i-Iram, Lucknow
Once a pleasure garden house, this kothi is remembered for its elegant proportions and association with the leisurely lifestyle of the Awadh aristocracy.
7. Begum Kothi, Lucknow
Located near Hazratganj, this kothi was built for Vilayati Begum, the European wife of Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider. It reflects the cosmopolitanism of Nawabi Lucknow.
8. Machhi Bhawan, Lucknow
A fortified palace complex of the Nawabs, originally their official residence before they moved to larger palaces. It was an important site during the 1857 uprising.
9. Kothi Bibiapur, near Lucknow
Built by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula, this country retreat was frequently used for military camps and gatherings of nobles.
10. Chowk and Chowk-area Havelis, Lucknow
The traditional havelis in the Chowk area of Lucknow still retain the flavor of Awadhi life—multi-courtyard residences with carved wooden doors, jharokhas, and richly decorated interiors.
11. Kothi Khursheed Manzil, Lucknow
Built for Khursheed Zadi, wife of Nawab Saadat Ali Khan, this kothi later served as an important meeting point during the 1857 rebellion.
12. Other Notable Havelis of Awadh
- Havelis of Chowk and Aminabad (Lucknow) – belonging to noble families, many of which hosted mushairas, mehfils, and cultural gatherings.
- Zamindari Havelis in Faizabad – Faizabad, the earlier capital of Awadh, also has remnants of noble havelis.
- Kanpur & Unnao Region Havelis – built by rich merchants and landlords inspired by Lucknow’s architectural style
Present-Day Status of Kothis and Havelis of Awadh
The aristocratic kothis and havelis of Awadh, once symbols of refinement, poetry, and courtly culture, now lead diverse afterlives. While some have been preserved as heritage landmarks, others are in ruins or have been adapted for modern use. Their transformation mirrors the changing socio-political landscape of Uttar Pradesh, especially after the decline of Nawabi rule and the Revolt of 1857.
Revival and Future Potential
Several of these structures, especially in Lucknow, are being eyed for heritage conservation and adaptive reuse projects. With increasing interest in cultural tourism, some kothis could be restored as heritage hotels, museums, or cultural hubs, much like what has been done with palaces in Rajasthan. Civil society groups and heritage activists in Lucknow have been advocating for their revival to preserve Awadh’s unique architectural and cultural legacy.
✨ In summary, the kothis and havelis of Awadh today range from prestigious offices and academic institutions to heritage ruins and crowded residential quarters, symbolizing both survival and decline. Their adaptive reuse remains a key opportunity for heritage tourism in Uttar Pradesh.