Introduction
Appar, also known as Tirunavukkarasar (the king of divine speech), is one of the most venerated Nayanars, a group of 63 saints devoted to Lord Shiva. His life and hymns are a testament to unwavering faith, resilience, and profound devotion. Born as Marulneekkiyar in the 7th century, Appar’s spiritual journey led him from Jainism to Shaivism, where he found his true calling. His hymns, known collectively as Thevaram, are celebrated for their deep devotional fervor and philosophical insights.
Early Life and Conversion
Appar was born in the village of Tiruvamur, located in the present-day Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. Initially named Marulneekkiyar, he was deeply influenced by Jainism during his early years and became a Jain monk, taking the name Dharmasena. However, a severe illness and a subsequent divine intervention by Lord Shiva led to his conversion to Shaivism. This profound spiritual experience transformed Marulneekkiyar into Appar, the humble servant of Lord Shiva.
Devotional Journey and Thevaram
Appar’s hymns are a rich amalgamation of devotion, philosophy, and poetic beauty. His compositions, collectively known as Thevaram, form a significant part of the Tamil Saiva canon. The Thevaram consists of nearly 4,900 verses, many of which are attributed to Appar. These hymns express his deep love for Lord Shiva and his longing for liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
Themes in Appar’s Hymns
- Devotion and Surrender: Appar’s hymns emphasize total surrender to Lord Shiva. He portrays himself as a humble servant seeking the grace and mercy of the divine. His devotion is marked by a deep sense of humility and an unwavering faith in Lord Shiva’s benevolence.
- Philosophical Insights: Appar’s hymns delve into profound philosophical themes. He explores the nature of the soul, the impermanence of the material world, and the ultimate goal of liberation (moksha). His verses often reflect the Advaita (non-dual) philosophy, highlighting the unity of the individual soul with the supreme consciousness.
- Personal Experiences: Appar’s hymns are rich with his personal spiritual experiences. He vividly describes his transformation from a Jain monk to a devout Shaivite, his struggles, and his moments of divine ecstasy. These personal anecdotes add a layer of authenticity and emotional depth to his compositions.
- Ethical Conduct and Virtue: Appar’s hymns also serve as moral guides. He emphasizes the importance of leading a virtuous life, practicing compassion, and adhering to dharma (righteousness). His teachings encourage devotees to cultivate inner purity and ethical conduct as part of their spiritual journey.
Persecution and Resilience
Appar’s unwavering faith was tested when he faced persecution from the Pallava king, who opposed his conversion to Shaivism. Despite being subjected to torture and attempts on his life, Appar remained steadfast in his devotion. His resilience and faith in Lord Shiva’s protection became a source of inspiration for many. These trials only strengthened his resolve and deepened his spiritual insights, which he articulated through his hymns.
Appar’s Legacy
Appar’s contribution to Tamil devotional literature and Shaivism is immeasurable. His hymns continue to be sung in Shiva temples across Tamil Nadu and have been instrumental in spreading the bhakti (devotion) movement. The Thevaram, along with the hymns of other Nayanars like Sambandar and Sundarar, forms the foundation of Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta.
Appar’s legacy is also evident in the numerous temples he visited and sanctified with his presence and hymns. He played a crucial role in revitalizing temples and promoting temple worship, which had declined during his time. His efforts ensured that the rich spiritual and cultural heritage of Tamil Shaivism was preserved and passed down through generations.
Conclusion
Saint Appar’s life and hymns are a beacon of devotion, resilience, and spiritual wisdom. His journey from a Jain monk to a devout Shaivite, marked by profound spiritual experiences and unwavering faith, continues to inspire millions. The Thevaram stands as a testament to his deep love for Lord Shiva and his philosophical insights, guiding devotees on the path of bhakti.
Appar’s hymns are not just literary masterpieces; they are spiritual treasures that offer solace, guidance, and inspiration to all who seek the divine. His legacy lives on, illuminating the hearts and minds of devotees, and reaffirming the timeless message of love, surrender, and unity with the divine.
