Exploring the Satras: The Vaishnavite Monasteries of Assam

Introduction

Assam, with its lush landscapes and rich cultural tapestry, is home to the unique and revered institutions known as Satras. These Vaishnavite monasteries are the spiritual and cultural nerve centers of the Assamese community. Established by the great saint and reformer Srimanta Sankardev in the 15th century, Satras have played a crucial role in the religious, social, and cultural life of Assam. This blog post delves into the history, significance, structure, and contributions of the Satras, illuminating their vital role in shaping Assamese identity.

Historical Background

The Satras were founded as part of the Neo-Vaishnavism movement initiated by Srimanta Sankardev. This movement sought to promote devotion to Lord Krishna and aimed to reform and unify Assamese society through the principles of Bhakti (devotion). Sankardev’s teachings emphasized the importance of a personal relationship with God, free from the constraints of caste and creed.

Sankardev established the first Satra in Bordowa, his birthplace, to disseminate his spiritual teachings and cultural activities. His disciple, Madhavdev, continued this legacy, setting up numerous Satras across Assam. Over time, these institutions became centers of religious learning, cultural preservation, and social reform.

Structure and Organization of Satras

Each Satra is a self-contained community with its unique structure and hierarchy. The key components of a typical Satra include:

1. Namghar (Prayer Hall):

• The Namghar, or Kirtanghar, is the central place of worship and the heart of the Satra. It is where devotees gather for communal prayers, chanting, and performances of devotional music and dance.

1. Manikut (Sanctum):

• The Manikut houses the sacred scriptures and idols, typically of Lord Krishna, and is considered the most sacred part of the Satra.

1. Hati (Monks’ Quarters):

• The Hati is the residential area for the monks (bhakats) and other residents of the Satra. The bhakats live a communal life, adhering to strict spiritual disciplines.

1. Akhra (Dance and Drama Pavilion):

• The Akhra is where traditional dance (Sattriya) and drama (Ankia Naat) performances take place. These art forms are integral to the spiritual and cultural activities of the Satra.

Spiritual and Cultural Significance

The Satras are not just religious institutions but also cultural hubs that have preserved and propagated various art forms and traditions. They serve multiple purposes:

1. Religious Practices:

• The primary function of the Satras is to promote the worship of Lord Krishna through daily rituals, communal prayers, and chanting of devotional songs (Borgeets).

1. Cultural Preservation:

• Satras are the custodians of Sattriya dance, a classical dance form of Assam. They also preserve traditional music, drama, literature, and crafts.

1. Social Reform:

• The teachings of Sankardev and the practices of the Satras have played a significant role in eradicating caste distinctions and promoting social unity in Assam.

1. Educational Role:

• Satras have historically been centers of learning, imparting education in scriptures, philosophy, arts, and crafts to the local community.

Notable Satras of Assam

1. Majuli:

• Majuli, the world’s largest river island, is home to several prominent Satras, including Dakhinpat Satra, Auniati Satra, Kamalabari Satra, and Garamur Satra. These Satras are renowned for their cultural activities and beautiful settings.

1. Bordowa:

• Bordowa, the birthplace of Sankardev, houses the Bordowa Satra, a key pilgrimage site for followers of Neo-Vaishnavism.

1. Barpeta:

• The Barpeta Satra, established by Madhavdev, is famous for its vibrant cultural festivals and community activities.

1. Dhubri:

• The Dhubri Satra, founded by Chakrapani, one of Sankardev’s disciples, is another important Satra with a rich history of religious and cultural contributions.

Festivals and Celebrations

Satras are centers of various religious and cultural festivals, which attract devotees and tourists alike:

1. Raas Mahotsav:

• Celebrated with grandeur, the Raas Mahotsav depicts the life of Lord Krishna through dance, drama, and music. Majuli’s Raas Mahotsav is particularly famous and draws large crowds.

1. Janmashtami:

• The birth anniversary of Lord Krishna is celebrated with great devotion, involving fasting, prayers, and cultural performances.

1. Bihu:

• While primarily an agricultural festival, Bihu celebrations in Satras incorporate spiritual elements, including special prayers and cultural programs.

Contemporary Relevance

Today, Satras continue to play a vital role in the spiritual and cultural life of Assam. They attract scholars, artists, and spiritual seekers from across the world, interested in the unique blend of devotion, art, and culture preserved in these institutions.

• Tourism: Satras are significant attractions for cultural tourism, offering insights into Assam’s rich heritage and spiritual traditions.
• Cultural Exchange: Many Satras engage in cultural exchange programs, showcasing Sattriya dance and other art forms on national and international platforms.
• Educational Initiatives: Modern Satras have adapted to contemporary needs, offering educational programs and workshops on various aspects of Assamese culture and spirituality.

Conclusion

The Satras of Assam stand as enduring symbols of the state’s rich cultural and spiritual heritage. These Vaishnavite monasteries, with their deep-rooted traditions, continue to inspire and nurture the spiritual and artistic life of the Assamese people. They are living museums of a vibrant tradition that blends devotion with art, social reform with spiritual practice. Visiting a Satra is not just a journey into the heart of Assamese culture but also a spiritual pilgrimage that offers peace, learning, and a deep sense of connection to the divine.